Power steering: the most common problems and their solutions
To understand why power steering is essential, one only needs to sit in a car without power steering. Maneuvering at a standstill feels like a workout for the biceps, and turning the steering wheel from one extreme position to another seems endless. Fortunately, most modern cars are equipped with hydraulic, electric, or other types of power steering. Unfortunately, these systems can occasionally fail.
Power steering assistance devices can be divided into three main groups: hydraulic power steering, electric power steering, and electrohydraulic power steering.
Hydraulic Power Steering
This type has been in use since the 1950s and operates with a pump connected to the engine via a drive belt, creating pressure in a separate hydraulic system. It remains idle while the wheels are straight but starts assisting the driver as soon as the wheel begins to turn.
Advantages:
- Shock absorption: Hydraulic systems dampen vibrations transmitted to the steering wheel when traversing uneven surfaces.
- Feedback: Drivers can easily control the steering angle.
Disadvantages:
- Continuous power draw from the engine affecting fuel consumption.
- Complex construction and high-quality component requirements.
- Need for fluid monitoring and replacement.
Electric Power Steering
In contrast to hydraulic systems, electric power steering lacks hoses, a reservoir, or fluid. It consists of sensors, a control unit, and an electric motor. Depending on the system's design, the motor can be integrated into the steering column (smaller cars) or the rack (larger vehicles like SUVs and minibusses) or run parallel to the mechanical steering linkage.
Advantages:
- Fuel efficiency: Assistance activates only during turns.
- Wide range of customizable steering settings.
- Autonomous operation and easy maintenance.
Disadvantages:
- High repair costs.
- Loss of vehicle control in the event of an unintended activation due to a short circuit.
- Electric motor overheating during extended driving in challenging terrains.
Electrohydraulic Power Steering
Combining features of both hydraulic and electric systems, electrohydraulic power steering includes a hydraulic system powered not by a mechanically driven pump but an electric one.
Advantages:
- On-demand operation for fuel efficiency.
- Clear feedback and immediate reinforcement in emergency situations.
- Built-in protections against pump dry running.
Disadvantages:
- Shares mechanical system downsides with hydraulic power steering.
- Susceptibility to moisture in older units due to its under-hood location.
Common Signs of Power Steering Issues:
- Loud buzzing or increased noise during turns.
- Increased effort required to turn the steering wheel or excessive play.
- Noticeable difference in effort required for left and right turns.
- Excessive play in the steering mechanism.
- Steering wheel vibrations or jerking during turns.
- Power steering fluid leaks.
In case of any of these symptoms, it's crucial to undergo a thorough diagnostic and, if necessary, repairs. The steering system plays a vital role in vehicle control and safety.
